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Non-discrete effects in language

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Кризисный психолог

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  • 1Non-discrete 	effects	in language, 			or the Critique 				of Pure Reason...

    1 слайд

    1
    Non-discrete
    effectsin language,

    or the Critique
    of Pure Reason 2
    Andrej A. Kibrik
    (Institute of Linguistics RAN and Lomonosov Moscow State University)
    aakibrik@gmail.com

  • 2The problemWe tend to think about language as a system of discrete elements...

    2 слайд

    2
    The problem
    We tend to think about language as a system of discrete elements (phonemes, morphemes, words, sentences)
    But this view does not survive an encounter with reality

  • 3Simple example: morpheme fusionдетский
	det-sk-ij ‘children’s, childish’
	R...

    3 слайд

    3
    Simple example:
    morpheme fusion
    детский
    det-sk-ij ‘children’s, childish’
    Root-Suffix-Ending
    [deckij]
    suffix
    deck-ij
    root

  • 4Similar exampes abound on all lingustic levelsPhonemes: coarticulation
cat	k...

    4 слайд

    4
    Similar exampes abound on all lingustic levels
    Phonemes: coarticulation
    catkeep cool
    Words: clitics
    iz mašiny ‘from the car’
    iz ... mašiny ‘from ... the car’
    iz taksi [is taksi] ‘from the taxi’
    Clauses: parcellation
    I’ll come, in a minute
    These are primarily syntagmatic examples: non-discrete boundaries between linearly arranged units

  • 5ParadigmaticsThe same problem applies to paradigmatic boundaries, that is bo...

    5 слайд

    5
    Paradigmatics
    The same problem applies to paradigmatic boundaries, that is boundaries between classes, types, or categories in an inventory
    Questionable phonemes
    Russianжюри žjuri ‘jury’
    [ž’ur’i]
    even though supposedly there is no palatalized [ž’] in Russian (in this position)
    Questionable words and clauses
    I want [to go]
    particle infinitival clause
    I wan[na go] ??

    cf. жури žuri ‘rebuke’

  • 6SemanticsX said smth (Zaliznjak 2006: 186)
‘X uttered a sequence of sounds’...

    6 слайд

    6
    Semantics
    X said smth (Zaliznjak 2006: 186)
    ‘X uttered a sequence of sounds’
    ‘X meant smth’
    ‘X expressed his belief in smth’
    ‘X wanted Y to know smth’
    ‘X wanted Y to perform smth’
    .................
    Some of these meanings are shared
    by X told smth, but some are not

  • 7Diachronic changeRussian писать pisat’  ‘write’
Funny slangish use:
popisal...

    7 слайд

    7
    Diachronic change
    Russian писать pisat’ ‘write’
    Funny slangish use:
    popisal nozhom ‘cut/slashed someone with a knife’, lit. ‘wrote with a knife’
    One of the Indo-European etymologies of the root pis- is ‘create image by cutting’
    Apparently the ancient meaning of the root, several millennia old, is still present in a marginal usage of the modern verb

  • 8Language contactThe Baltic language Prussian, spoken in this area until the...

    8 слайд

    8
    Language contact
    The Baltic language Prussian, spoken in this area until the 16th – 17th century
    Vladimir N. Toporov
    In the existing texts Prussian syntax is almost fully copied from German (Luther’s Catechism)
    In the 18th century, when Prussian was extinct, German-speaking peasants of the area used many Prussian words

  • 9Intermediate conclusionLanguage simultaneously
longs for discrete, segmented...

    9 слайд

    9
    Intermediate conclusion
    Language simultaneously
    longs for discrete, segmented structure
    tries to avoid it
    Non-discrete effects permeate every single aspect of language
    This problem is in the core of theoretical debates about language

  • 10Possible reactions“Digital” linguistics (de Saussure, Bloomfield, Chomsky.....

    10 слайд

    10
    Possible reactions
    “Digital” linguistics (de Saussure, Bloomfield, Chomsky...):

    More inclusive (“analog”) linguistics:
    often a mere statement of continuous boundaries and countless intermediate/borderline cases

    ignore non-discrete
    phenomena or dismiss them
    as minor
    Ferdinand de Saussure:
    language only consists
    of identities and differences

    the discreteness delusion
    a bit too simple-minded
    appeal of scientific rigor but extreme reductionism

  • 11Cognitive scienceRosch: prototype theory
Lakoff: radial categoriesABCDA is...

    11 слайд

    11
    Cognitive science
    Rosch: prototype theory
    Lakoff: radial categories
    A
    B
    C
    D
    A is the prototypical phoneme/word/clause/ meaning...
    B, C, and D are less prototypical representatives
    We still need a theory for:
    boundaries between related categories
    boundaries in the syntagmatic structure

  • 12My main suggestionIn the case of language we see the structure that combine...

    12 слайд

    12
    My main suggestion
    In the case of language we see the structure that combines the properties of discrete and non-discrete: focal structure
    Focal phenomena are simultaneously distinct and related
    Focal structure is a special kind of structure found in linguistic phenomena, alternative to the discrete structure
    It is the hallmark of linguistic and, possibly, cognitive phenomena, in constrast to simpler kinds of matter

  • 13Various kinds of structures▐focal point 1focal point 2
			      discrete st...

    13 слайд

    13
    Various kinds of structures

    focal point 1
    focal point 2

    discrete structure

    continuous structure
    focal structure
    1
    2
    1
    2

  • 14Still more realistic: amoeba structure

    14 слайд

    14
    Still more realistic: amoeba structure

  • 15Examples▐focal point 1focal point 2det						sk
said						told
*pis-						pi...

    15 слайд

    15
    Examples

    focal point 1
    focal point 2
    detsk
    saidtold
    *pis-pis-
    PrussianGerman
    Syntagm.
    Paradigm.
    Diachr.
    Lg.contact
    etc., etc.

  • 16Peripheral status of non-discrete phenomenaWhere does it stem from?
Objecti...

    16 слайд

    16
    Peripheral status of non-discrete phenomena
    Where does it stem from?
    Objective properties of language?
    I don’t think so
    Or, perhaps, properties of the observing human mind?
    This directly relates to one of the key issues in The Critique of Pure Reason

  • 17Kant’s puzzleThe role of observer, or cognizer, crucially affects the know...

    17 слайд

    17
    Kant’s puzzle
    The role of observer, or cognizer, crucially
    affects the knowledge of the world
    “The schematicism by which our understanding deals with the phenomenal world ... is a skill so deeply hidden in the human soul that we shall hardly guess the secret trick that Nature here employs.”
    NB: Standards of scientific thought have developed on the basis of physical, rather than cognitive, reality
    Physical reality is much more prone to the discrete approach
    Compared to physical world, in the case of language and other cognitive processes Kant’s problem is much more acute
    because mind here functions both as an observer and an object of observation, so making the distinction between the two is difficult

  • 18Recapitulation: A paradoxical state of affairsScience is based on categori...

    18 слайд

    18
    Recapitulation:
    A paradoxical state of affairs
    Science is based on categorization (Aristotelian, “rationality”, “left-hemispheric”, etc.)
    The scientific approach is inherently biased to noticing only the fitting phenomena
    It is like eyeglasses filtering out a part of reality
    Addressing another part of it is perceived as pseudo-science, or quasi-science at best
    Language is unknowable, a Ding an sich?

  • 19What to do?We need to develop a more embracing linguistics and cognitive sc...

    19 слайд

    19
    What to do?
    We need to develop a more embracing linguistics and cognitive science that address non-discrete phenomena:
    not as exceptions or periphery of language and cognition
    but rather as their core
    Can we outwit our mind?
    Several avenues towards this goal

  • 201. Start with prosodyProsody is the aspect of sound code that is obviously...

    20 слайд

    20
    1. Start with prosody
    Prosody is the aspect of sound code
    that is obviously non-discrete
    Example: Sandro V. Kodzasov’s
    analysis of formal quantity
    iconically depicting mental quantity
    It was lo-ong ago. Oh, tha-at’s the reason.
    He just left. That’s clear.
    Develop new approaches on the basis of prosody, then apply them to traditional, “segmental” language

  • 212. Explore gesticulationIn addition to sound code, there is a visual code:...

    21 слайд

    21
    2. Explore gesticulation
    In addition to sound code, there is a visual code:
    gesticulation and generally “body language”
    Michael Tomasello: in order to “understand how
    humans communicate with one another using a
    language <…> we must first understand how
    humans communicate with one another using natural gestures”
    Когда он ехал по дорóге, он поравнялся с дéвочкой,


    (From the materials of Julia Nikolaeva)
    Simultaneously: iconic gestures and pointing gestures


  • 223. Employ mathematics appropriate for the “cognitive matter”Methodological...

    22 слайд

    22
    3. Employ mathematics appropriate for the “cognitive matter”
    Methodological point
    1960s: a fashion of “mathematical methods” in linguistics
    This did not bring much fruit, primarily because of the non-discreteness effects
    Time for another attempt of bringing in more useful kinds of mathematics
    Ongoing project: study of non-categorical referential choice
    When we mention a person/object, we choose from a set of options, such as a proper name (Kant), a common name (the philosopher), or a reduced form (he)
    This choice is not always deterministic: sometimes both Kant and he are appropriate
    Probabilistic modelling and machine learning techniques used to simulate human behavior in non-categorical situations

  • 23ConclusionJust as we invoke scientific thinking, we tend to immediately tur...

    23 слайд

    23
    Conclusion
    Just as we invoke scientific thinking, we tend to immediately turn to discrete analysis
    This is why discrete linguistics is so popular, in spite of the omnipresence and obviousness of non-discrete effects
    This may be our inherent bias, or a habit developed in natural sciences, or a cultural preference
    But in the case of language and other cognitive processes we do see the limits of the traditional discrete approach
    It remains an open question if cognitive scientists are able to eventually overcome the strong bias towards “pure reason” and discrete analysis, or language will remain a Ding an sich
    But it is worth trying to circumvent this bias and to seriously explore the focal, non-discrete structure that is in the very core of language and cognition

  • 24The reason why this talk was so philosophical must be due to Kant’s Geist I...

    24 слайд

    24
    The reason why this talk was so philosophical must be due to Kant’s Geist
    Immanuel Kant, lecturing to Russian officers

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