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Prepared by:,
09-022 OM
Checked by: Totanova Nazgul
Independent work of students of English
Almaty 2010
The skeleton
2 слайд
Skeletal System - Functions
Support & shape to body
Protection of internal organs
Movement in union with muscles
Storage of minerals (calcium, phosphorus) & lipids
Blood cell production
3 слайд
The Skeletal System
Know the Skeletal Anatomy
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
Surface Anatomy of the bone
By x-ray or diagram
Structure/function of joints, muscle and ligament attachments
Including range of motion
4 слайд
Human Skeleton
206 Bones
Axial skeleton: (80 bones) in skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, hyoid bone
Appendicular Skeleton: (126 bones)- upper & lower extremities plus two girdles
Half of bones in hands & feet
5 слайд
Axial Skeleton (80)
Skull
Ossicles of the middle ear
Hyoid bone
Thorax or chest
Vertebral column
6 слайд
Appendicular
Skeleton (126)
Upper Extremity (64)
Shoulder Girdle
Arms
Hands
Lower Extremity (62)
Pelvic Girdle
Legs
Feet
7 слайд
Types of Bone
Long bones: longer than they are wide; shaft & 2 ends (e.g.: bones of arms & legs,except wrist, ankle & patella)
Short bones: roughly cube-shaped (e.g.: ankle & wrist bones)
Sesamoid bones: short bones within tendons (e.g.: patella)
Flat bones: thin, flat & often curved (e.g.,: sternum, scapulae, ribs & most skullbones)
Irregular bones: odd shapes; don't fit into other classes (e.g.: hip bones & vertebrae)
8 слайд
22 bones in skull
6 in middle ears
1 hyoid bone
26 in vertebral column
25 in thoracic cage
4 in pectoral girdle
60 in upper limbs
60 in lower limbs
2 in pelvic girdle
206 bones in all
9 слайд
The skull
8 sutured bones in cranium
Facial bones: 13 sutured bones,
1 mandible
Cranium
encases brain
attachments for muscles
sinuses
10 слайд
11 слайд
Thoracic cage
ribs
thoracic vertebrae
sternum
costal cartilages
True ribs are directly attached to the sternum (first seven pairs)
Three false ribs are joined to the 7th rib
Two pairs of floating ribs
12 слайд
13 слайд
Vertebral column
7 cervial vertebrae
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
1 sacrum (5 fused)
1 coccyx (4 fused)
Vertebrae vary in size and morphology
14 слайд
15 слайд
Types of Vertebrae
Cevical (7)
Atlas
Axis
Thoracic (12)
Lumbar (5)
16 слайд
Atlas – 1st; supports head
Axis – 2nd; dens pivots to turn head
Cervical Vertebrae
17 слайд
long spinous
processes
rib facets
Thoracic Vertebrae
18 слайд
large bodies
thick, short spinous
processes
Lumbar Vertebrae
19 слайд
Bone Cells
Osteoblasts – bone forming cells synthesize and secrete unmineralized ground substance and are found in areas of high metabolism within the bone
Osteocytes – mature bone cells made from osteoblasts that have made bone tissue around themselves. They maintain healthy bone tissue by secreting enzymes and controlling the bone mineral content; they also control the calcium release from the bone tissue to the blood.
Osteogenic cells respond to traumas, such as fractures, by giving rise to bone-forming cells and bone-destroying cells
Osteoclasts – bone absorbing cell – large cells that break down bone tissue – important to growth, healing, remodeling
Bone lining cells - made from osteoblasts along the surface of most bones in an adult. Bone-lining cells are thought to regulate the movement of calcium and phosphate into and out of the bone
20 слайд
Types of Skeletal Cartilage
Hyaline Cartilages: fine collagen fiber matrix- most abundant type- found in articular (movable joint) cartilages, costal cartilages (connect ribs tosternum), respiratory cartilages (in larynx & upper respiratory passageways) & nasal cartilages
Elastic Cartilages: similar to hyaline cartilage, more elastic fibers (very flexible) – found in external ear & epiglottis (larynx covering)
Fibrocartilage: rows of chondrocytes with thick collagen fibers; highly compressible with great tensile strength- found in menisci of knee, intervertebral discs & pubic symphysis
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